Freedom Fighter or Terrorist Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Freedom Fighter or Terrorist - Research Paper Example Many resistance organizations have been put on the official list of terrorist organizations of the United States and among these are Hezbollah and Hamas. Among Palestinians, members of these organizations are considered to be freedom fighters who are fighting for the liberation of their homeland. Hezbollah and Hamas have been fighting against Israel for decades and this has mainly been because of Jewish occupation of lands that are believed to be legitimately Palestinian. As a result, these organizations have come to gain a reputation of being the only legitimate defenders of Palestinian interests in a world which many Palestinians believe has abandoned them. Hezbollah is based in Lebanon and has been an active participant in the affairs of this country for decades as a representative of the Shia sect. with massive funding from Iran, this organization has been able to develop an armed wing which is extremely competent and has managed to hold its own against the far superior Israeli a rmy (Saad-Ghorayeb 168). This can be attested through its performance in the 2006 Israel-Lebanese war where Hezbollah played a significant role in ensuring that the Israeli military did not get a foothold in Lebanon. In some cases, Hezbollah has been praised for ensuring that, according to some analysts, that the war became so costly for Israel that it had to withdraw from Lebanon. It was after this war that Hezbollah’s credibility within Lebanon in the twenty first century was firmly established in the political sphere where this organization has become an active participant. While Hezbollah is still considered to be a terrorist organization by some western states, especially the United States, it has managed, through its popularity, to successfully field candidates in Lebanese elections. A result of its involvement in politics has been

Global Warming Rough Draft Environmental Sciences Essay

Global Warming Rough Draft Environmental Sciences Essay In recent discussions on the topic of Global Warming, a controversial issue has been whether the facts support this as a real issue and that the worlds temperature is in fact warming or one of this being a myth and the planets overall temperatures are not raising any more or less than in any other time in history. On the one hand, some argue that patterns of climate change have always existed in history and that does not show that the planet is warming at all. From this perspective, many factors can effect climate change and the planet has a cycle of warming and cooling that has continued throughout history. On the other hand, others argue that the use of fossil fuels such as (oil, gas, and coal) have created excess Co2 in the atmosphere creating a greenhouse effect that has helped to raise temperatures of the planet substantially. In the words of most reputable scientists, one of this views main proponents, Al Gore author of the inconvenient truth, states global warming is indeed a serious issue in our world and is not just a myth. According to this view, climate change is an excepted fact and the planet is indeed warming as a result of human beings burning fossil fuels. In sum, then, the actual issue is whether global warming is real or a myth. Most scientists agree that this is not debatable and see it as more of fact. The dispute of global warming can be narrowed into two parallel debates. One is scientific, which focuses on the analyses of complex data that is hard for the lay person to understand and the other political side which is addressing what the proper response governments should take to a hypothetical risk. To add to this complex issue, large energy companies are lobbying against global warming in an effort to manipulate the truth, making even more grey areas and casting doubt on its veracity. Each side of the debate provides abundant scientific evidence that attempts to prove there point. Proponents of an instantaneous and all-encompassing regulatory response insist that the scientific debate has long been settled. Some scientific skepticism can be beneficial for scientists to challenge themselves to improve the understanding of the science behind global warming. Thus far this is not what materializes with climate change denial. Disbelievers dynamically censure any evidence that supports the issue that human beings are the main cause of global warming and yet embrace any argument, article, study, or blog that proposes disproving global warming or the affects individuals are partaking on global warming. The deniers and skeptics have used similar deceitful schemes that they have used for years. They continue to attack the messenger, proposing that a worldwide plot of officials and environmental scientists are trying to safeguard their funding using a one-sided portrayal of the IPCC process. Their attempts are to highlight any specific downgrade in the predictions and lift that out of context to suggest a less dire overall picture. Casting a fortified doubt and confusion, following the model of th e experts employed for years by the tobacco industry to debunk the effects of smoking direct relation to cancer. This is why Global Warming still has many controversies surrounding the topic that draw attention away from the real issue. Global warming still has many controversies surrounding the topic that draw attention away from the real issue. One example would be the resent Climatgate scandal where scientists were accused of manipulating and possible destroying data on climate change. According to an anonymous hacker with the pseudonym FOIA hacked into email accounts gathering over 1000 personal emails. The hacker then leaked small details of the emails in a way that at first looked like two chief researchers had manipulated or omitted parts of the data in order to present their findings. They later found the researchers did nothing wrong in the research or no evidence was found of foul play or manipulation. This shows the ongoing struggle at what lengths the individuals are willing to go to debunk the research. Many discussions still continue on the topic of Global Warming with both sides taking a stand on whether the facts support this as a real issue and the worlds temperature is in fact warming or one of thi s being a myth and the planets overall temperatures are not raising any more or less than in any other time in history. According to the latest report by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), the product of hundreds of leading scientists from around the globe, confirms that global warming is happening now and needs to be addressed quickly to avoid costly and difficult problems. Many consider human caused global warming to be a myth, just an excuse for the record temperatures and other weather patterns. There are two main sides to the argument of the cause of global warming; those who believe that global warming is just a natural phase in the climatic habits of earth, and those who believe humans are the direct cause through the burning of fossil fuels and other processes. In an article released by the Dept. of Commerce, NASA claims the solar increases do not have the ability to cause large global temperature increases greenhouse gasses are indeed playing a dominant role. As the leading global scientific institution of the US Government, NASAs point is highly accepted by the community. In the same article, the Dept. of Commerce says that only a quarter of the amount of global warming can be attributed to the sun. That one-quarter is the natural part of global warming; the rest is from human activity. Humans are the dominant force behind the sharp global warming trend seen in the 20th century. Natural factors like volcanic eruptions and fluctuations in the suns emissions, which were powerful influences on temperatures in past centuries, can account for only 25 percent of global warming. The rest of the warming was caused by human activity, particularly rising levels of carbon dioxide and other heat-trapping gases. According to author, Thomas J. Crowley a Texas AM geologist natural variability plays only a subsidiary role in the 20th century warming and that the most parsimonious explanation for most of the warming is that it is due to the anthropogenic increase in greenhouse gases. Crowley proposes the most direct link to date between people and the 1.1 degree Fahrenheit rise in average global temperatures over the last 100 years is due to something called the greenhouse effect. The greenhouse effect is a process by which thermal radiation from a planetary surface is absorbed by g ases trapped in the atmosphere. Part of this re-radiation is reflected back towards the surface and the lower atmosphere. This results in an elevation of the average surface temperature above what it would be in the absence of the gases. Increase in weather phenomena is another effect of global warming. One theory is that global warming may be contributing to stronger hurricanes in the Atlantic over the past 30 years. FSU geography Professor James B. Elsner, University of Wisconsin-Madison Professor James P. Kossin and FSU postdoctoral researcher Thomas H. Jagger have used global satellite data to find that the strongest tropical cyclones are, in fact, getting stronger and ocean temperatures play a role in driving this trend. This is consistent with the heat-engine theory of cyclone intensity which is all a result of the warming of our planet. Drought As global warming increases it will alter many climatic patterns of the planet. As far as rainfall is concerned, it will rise equator ially in both polar and sub-polar regions, and decrease in subtropical areas. This change in precipitation pattern will generate a drought in certain areas, while floods in other areas. Warming of the atmosphere will escalate the temperature in the planets seawaters, which will endure continued elevated temperatures for centuries. Warm water will lead to frequent natural disasters like hurricanes. Overall, the planet will experience extreme weather conditions, characterized by flood and droughts, heat waves and cold waves, and extreme storms like cyclones and tornadoes. A rise in global temperature will also hamper the lavish biodiversity of innumerable ecosystems. According to the Intergovernmental Panel on (IPCC), an increase in global temperature by 1.5 to 2.5 degrees will make 20 to 30 percent of species vulnerable to extinction, while a rise of about 3.5 degrees will make 40 to 70 percent species vulnerable to extinction. Climate change will result in loss of habitat for many animal species like polar bears, tropical frogs and coral reefs just to mention a few. More importantly, any alteration in the planets weather patterns will seriously affect the migration patterns of various species. Unstable patterns of rainfall will affect animals and humans equally. For humans, global warming will affect our foodstuff and water supplies as well as our health conditions. Changes in precipitation will affect basic necessities such as agriculture, power production etc. Increase in the temperature of ocean waters will hamper fisheries. The sudden change in climate patterns will have a hazardous effect on the human body which wont be able to endure the extreme conditions, a hint of which can be seen in form of frequent heat waves and cold waves. Upsurge in natural catastrophes such as storms, will lead to substantial human casualties. Communicable illnesses will rise to a noticeable degree as infection transmitting insects will adapt more quickly to extreme conditions carrying with them many diseases. Many people will die of malnutrition as food production will decrease due to frequent droughts and floods. The ever increasing stress it will have on our system will create less aid for those that rely on our kindness to feed themselves. As a nation, we are attributed as the leading cause of global warming, with the most greenhouse emissions anywhere in the world. As the most influential country in the world, we can choose to sit by and watch it happen, or we can decide to become a more environmentally aware population, setting an example for the entire world to see. The debate of the causes of global warming should not matter, because the fact is that we are contributing to global warming through our activities, adding on to any natural climatic phase that the earth is experiencing. By not releasing so much greenhouse gasses into the atmosphere, we can end the global warming scare, and end the most debated environmental topic of the world today. According to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate change (IPCC), estimates are that it will take $1.375 trillion per year to keep the effects of climate change at a sustainable level keeping the global temperature increase to less than two degrees Celsius (3.6 Degrees Fahr enheit). Having a well-coordinated tax on co2 emissions will benefit the world as a whole and help to sustain countries by allowing them to purchase tax credits from underdeveloped countries which they can then use for an innovative and more sustainable future. A carbon tax is a pay as you go plan with carbon credits and being traded in an open market for current polluters to have time to retool for a sustainable energy source. Trade caps would invite civil war between the extreme groups of polluting nations and those that are more environmentally conscious. Monitoring of large pollution sources is already in place with a satellite and checks in surveillance and fiscal and economic policies. By taxing a relatively small number of large sources we can move forward to a cleaner more sustainable earth. Maybe add something on Sustainable Biofuels find alternatives to fossil fuels and Carbon sinks to reduce the effects of Co2 emissions from burning carbon based fuel. To summarize the mos t significant scientific findings of the preceding few years, scientists have added extensively to the vast body of evidence that demonstrates heat-trapping gases such as carbon dioxide that are fashioned primarily from the burning of fossil fuels are most certainly changing the global climate, rising temperatures and unsettling environments around the earth. My own view is that Global warming does exist and that humans have caused this increase due to the use of fossil fuels creating a greenhouse effect. Though I concede that specific variations of climate change can be on a cycle of the earths history, I still maintain that recent increase in climate changes are caused by an excess Co2 emission. For example, the burning of (oil, gas, and coal) is causing Co2 to build up in the atmosphere creating a greenhouse affect trapping gases that would not normally be there. This is rising the overall temperature of the earth and we are unsure of the negative side effects this may be causing for the future. Although some might object that the earths climate has a history of cycles and with no clear data as to what effect it will have on humans lives, I would reply that more research is needed and that we need to start looking for innovative ways to lesson our use of fossil fuels and look for renewable sustainable energy sources with less emissions. The issue is important because we all only have one planet and waiting until it is to late would not really be a viable option.

Style of Writing :: Education Writing Essays

Style of Writing In both of the books various elements of style are mentioned, William Strunk Jr. and E.B. White’s The Elements of Style and Joseph M. Williams’ Style Toward Clarity and Grace, clarity and concision are to be the most important. I think that in order for your reader to be able to enjoy and understand what they are reading, it has to be written clearly and concisely. I believed that everyone has his or her own style: whether the style be that of one’s hair, clothes, or writing. I always knew that having your own style did not mean that yours was the best or even decidedly correct. After I finished toiling through Strunk and White’s The Elements of Style and William’s Style Toward Clarity and Grace, I learned that there is a dress code, even for writing. Yes, you could have your own style, per sey, but you must follow the rules and guidelines necessary for good writing. The Elements of Style and Style are interesting because separately, they tell two different versions to the same story. In Strunk and White’s book, a mere ninety-five pages of instruction, tell you in brief and curt words the rules for writing clearly. This books intention was to be short, a sort of handbook for quick reference. In its introduction E.B White writes, â€Å"It was Will Strunk’s parvoum opus, his attempt to cut the vast tangle of English rhetoric down to size and write its rules and principles on the head of a pin† (Strunk and White xiii). This intention seems innocent but it is my belief that it leaves the reader wondering, without precise reason in mind what clear writing is. Joseph M. Williams’ book, on the other hand, elaborates in detail of te guidelines and principles for writing the English language clearly and concisely. Each of his systematic principles for good wiring are padded with an abundance of example and explanation. Joseph Williams’ acknowledges this in his preface: â€Å"you should understand this is not an afternoon read. We offer detailed ways to put into specific practice the clichà ©s of style ‘Be clear’ ‘Omit needless words’†¦ We suggest you read this book a short section at a time, and then look at your won writing the writing of others† (Williams xiii).

The Advantages and Disadvantages of Globalization

Globalization is such a commonly used term in the twentiethcentury. It simply means that the world has become integrated economically, socially, politically and culturally through the advances of technology, transportation and communication. It is undeniable to say that globalization has resulted in both positive and negative effects which must be addressed accordingly. To begin with, globalization has contributed to the worlds economies in many beneficial ways. The advances in science and technology have allowed businesses to easily cross over territorial boundary lines. Consequently, companies tend to become more productive, competitive thereby raising quality of goods, services and the worlds living standard. Secondly, several companies from the more developed countries have already ventured to establish foreign operations or branches to take advantage of the low cost of labor in the poorer countries. This kind of business activity will provide more influx of cash or investment funds into the less developed countries. However, one cannot deny the negative effects which havederived from globalization. One crucial social aspect is the risk and danger of epidemic diseases which can easily be spread as the mode transportation is easier and faster in todays advance society. This is evidenced in the recent birds flu disease which has infected most Asian countries over a short time frame. As large corporations invest or take over many off shore businesses, a modern form of colonization will also evolve which may pose certain power pressure on the local governments of the less developed countries. Unemployment rates in the more developed regions like Europe may also escalate as corporations choose to outsource cheaper work force from Asian countries. In conclusion. I like to reiterate that globalization is inevitable and we must urge individuals, companies and governments to use a more balanced approach by taking appropriate steps to deal with matters relating to the financial or economical gains verses the social, political or ecological concerns of the world.

Marketing planning Essay

Main characteristics of marketing oriented organisation The marketing is a management and customer satisfaction strategy which is focused on the customer satisfaction and it is also involved in various  functions like advertisement, promotion, selling products and services of the business, product planning, and product development, market research and market analysis. According to Keller, (2009) Marketing can be described as the marketing can be described as the management process which is responsible for identification, anticipation and satisfaction of customers of the organization for developing improved profitability of the business. According to the Philip (2009) the marketing can be described as the process of managing profitable customer relationship through retaining retain existing customers of the organization and attracting new customers through developing value for the customers and satisfying their needs through developing products and services needed by them. Types of organizations: According to marketing point of view there are two types of the organizations, market oriented and product oriented organizations (B&C, 2010). Product Oriented organizations: The focus of the product oriented organisations is on the development of product and selling these products through the different approaches of marketing. Characteristics of marketing oriented organisation: the market oriented companies are focused towards the satisfaction of needs and demands of the customers through analysing customer needs and then developing products and services to satisfy these needs. The customer needs are identified by these organizations and then the resources are allocated to meet these needs (Mangold, Faulds, 2009). The market oriented companies have four main features or characteristics which are given below, Shared Values: the customers are always kept as priority by these types of the organizations and the value is shared with customers by providing them quality products and services. Organizational Structure: the flat type of organizational structure is developed and preferred by these companies as compared to the traditional business structures. The clear vision is developed and communicated by these organizations for motivation of stakeholders including customers. Strategy: the overall business strategy forms the basis of the marketing strategies and planning of the market oriented companies. The basic goal of the market strategies is to achieve the overall business goals and objectives of the organization. The more flexible strategies are developed by these organizations to respond to changing business environment (Mangold, Faulds, 2009). Stakeholders: The  ideas and values are exchanged by the organization with different stakeholders of the organization to develop relationship with the business. From the analysis given it can be concluded that Ikea is a market oriented company as it has incorporated the core characteristics of the market oriented companies (Menon, 2008). Explain the various elements of the marketing concept with reference to the Ikea’s marketing activities. The Ikea has implemented various elements and the concepts which can be analysed as 5 Cs and 4 Ps of the marketing and they are given as below, 5 Cs of Marketing Company: the company described as the vision, mission, purpose and core values of the company which motivates stakeholders of the business (Menon, 2008). Customer: the customers are segmented into profitable components of the business. Collaborators: These are the stakeholders of the company who include investors, employees, customers, competitors, community and Government. Competitors: This includes analysis of the core competitors of the business, their market position, strengths and weaknesses. Context: Context refers to the analysis of the present and future prospects of the organization in the long turn and this is analysed through the internal and external business environment of the organization. 4Ps of marketing are: The four Ps of the marketing are essential and basic element for the development of effective marketing strategies of the business and these can be described as below, Product: the product is the development of the product or services based on the customer needs developed to satisfy needs of the customers (Menon, 2008). Promotion: this include determination of how the product will be marketed and promoted to attain greater market share and growth, through different promotional techniques like TV ads, online marketing or sales promotion (Newman, 2002). Price: One of the important elements of the marketing is the determination of price on which the product will be offered to customers. Place: The place is the identification and planning how the product will be placed in the market, through physical stores or the other elements. Identify and critically assess the benefits and costs of marketing approach for Ikea. The marketing approach adopted by the Ikea has different benefits for the business. Ikea has successfully  developed business of the organization in UK and Europe and segmented the business of the organization to the office and home furniture users. The business has developed the marketing strategies to develop and promote business products of the organization for satisfying customer needs through delivering quality products to the customers. The business has developed strategies for effective customer care as a part of the marketing strategies which is the part of benefits of marketing approach. The long term relations with the customers are developed by the business through effective customer relationship and developing trust in products of the organization. the costs of the ineffective marketing can lead to the failure of the product being offered or less effective response from the customers (Newman, 2002). Task 1.2 A) Identify and explain macro and micro environmental factors which influence marketing decisions of Ikea The business strategies of Ikea are affected by the various internal and external factors of the organization. These factors can be described as the macro-environmental factors and micro-environmental factors. The micro environmental factors of the Ikea are described as below, Micro-environmental Factors: these factors include various factors which have direct impact on the business strategies of the Ikea and it also impact on the business planning and strategies. The Micro factors impacting the Ikea are given below, Customers: the survival of the Ikea is based on the identification and meeting needs, wants and providing the benefits of their customers. the failure to meet the needs of the customers can lead to the failure of the business as the satisfied customers are most important for the business (Newman, 2002). Employees: the employees are considered as the most important assets of the business and the satisfaction and development of effective workforce of the business is the most important element for the successful business. Suppliers: the increase in the prices of raw material and change in the quality of the raw material has direct impact on the marketing mix of the business. The good relationship with the suppliers helps business to develop effective quality of the products offered by Ikea. Shareholders: the expectations and relationship of stakeholders of the business has positive and negative impacts on the strategies of the business. Media: the innovations and changes in the media can be analysed  and the successful adoption of these changes and innovations can positively impact the organizational communication and marketing strategies. Competitors: the name of the game in marketing is differentiation. The business can be successful through developing competitive advantage as compared to its competitors through developing core competencies of the business. Macro-environmental Factors: The macro environmental factors are which are beyond the control of the Ikea and these can be opportunities of threats to the business strategies of Ikea. There are following macro-environmental factors effecting marketing and business strategies of the Ikea and these can be analysed through PESTEL analysis: Political factors: the political factors include the rules and regulations of the UK government, which can be minimum wage, or the interest rate regulations. Economic factors: Economic factors include the inflation rates, or the interest rates which can impact the consumption parents of the customers effecting sales of the organization. Social: the UK is highly diversified with the multilingual and multinational people from all over the world. The trends in the social preferences of the customers can impact the business strategies of Ikea. Technology: there are various technological implementations in the market and these are more frequent in the UK market. B) With your understanding of the topic on Segmentation, propose segmentation criteria that the organisation can use for two products in different markets. The market segmentation is one of the basic elements for the development of the products of the business in the market and the segmentation refer to the identification of the customers with the similar needs and preferences based on the analysis of the customer needs and buying behaviours. The aim of the segmentation is to develop the groups with the same needs and buying behaviours. For example the sofa set for the home users and the business users will be demanded with different needs for the same product for the different market segments. The needs of the home users will be different as compared to the business users and this will also impact the buying behaviours if the customers as well. C) Sketch out those factors that influence the choice of targeting strategy by the organisation with reference to the financial capability of sponsors Targeting strategy: The targeting strategy is based on the analysis of the target groups based on the market segmentation and then the process and approaches of targeting potential customer segments is developed by the organization to develop market share of the product to be launched by business. The targeting strategy of the Ikea involve various steps which include the development and identification of the effective segment market, choosing appropriate segment for the product and then analysing the product to be offered in a particular market segment. The Ikea has developed the target marketing strategy for developing and offering various products for the different segments instead of the generic marketing. Importance of financial capability of Sponsor: One of the important factors affecting the business is the financial capability of the sponsor. The finances are the lifeblood of the business and for all business and marketing strategies the financial resources are considered as the important element to remain competitive in the business. for the success of the business good target market strategy and the financial sponsor ship is essential as these play as the backbone of the business to be more competitive in dynamic changing business environment. D) How does buyers behaviour affects marketing activities in two different buying situations putting into consideration The behaviour of the customers towards the product refer to the process of selecting, purchasing and consuming the product by the customers to attain satisfaction. And analysis of these abhors is essential for the business to develop effective strategies and products. There are various factors affecting the buying behaviours of the customers and these can be explained as given below, Cultural factors: the most important elements of the customer buying behaviour is the cultural factors as the buying behaviour of the customers is highly effected by the culture of the customers. For example the McDonald was failed in India when they introduced beef burger and the organization faced huge losses. Social Factors: the social factors contain the reference groups like the role, status and family. Personal factors: the personal factors include the analysis of the age, occupation, income levels, life styles and the economic status of the customers. Psychological factor: these are also very important factors affecting the buying behaviours of the customers. These factors affect the buying behaviours of the customers of  the Ikea in different ways which can be in favour of the business and these can go against the organization. the increased income and life standard of the customers may lead to increased sales level of the products of the organization same the families will be buying more products of the business as compared to the single. Task 1.3: A) Describe how products are developed By Ikea There are different steps are involved in the product development strategy of the Ikea for the product development in the market to attain sustainable growth in the business. There are following steps performed by Ikea for the effective product development by the organization, Idea generation: the product development strategy if Ikea starts with the idea generation in which the idea regarding the new product is developed and shared, these ideas can be internal or the external. The internal ideas are the innovation by the organization while the external ideas can include the development of product as a result of competitor’s idea. Idea screening: the next step is idea screening which includes the analysis of the market acceptability, impact on satisfaction of the customers, analysis of the demand of the customers and then the approval of the idea based on the rate of success of the given idea. Concept development and Testing: after approval of the idea in screening the next step is to execute the idea into concept and the feasibility of product development is identified in this section, which through the analysis of the skills, abilities and sources required developing the required product. Concept development and Testing: the next step is the execution of the idea into product and then the features and quality of the product is tested and analysed. The target markets and customers are identified for the given product. Marketing: after development of the product the next important step is to communicate the product in market through using different marketing strategies and marketing tools and techniques. This is analysed through the test marketing. Commercialization: the final step is the commercialization of the developed product to attain sustainable growth and success for the Ikea. B) Distribution Management: The distribution management refer to the process involved from the attaining raw material to the selling and delivering product to customers. The distribution includes the packaging, inventory, supply chain and logistics. The distribution strategies involve how the product will be developed and distributed to the end users in a more efficient way. There are two mediums used by the organizations for the distribution of the products and services of the organization to the final consumer, which include wholesaler and retailers. The Ikea is distributing its products by using wholesale medium of distribution. Wholesale market involves the selling goods and services of the organization direct to the buyers and for this purpose the Ikea has developed its stores in UK and Europe. This leads to the development and distribution of the product at flexible and low price. C) How are prices set to reflect an organisation’s objectives and marketing conditions? The pricing strategies include the identification of the pricing objectives, and then development of the pricing strategies based on these objectives, there are various pricing objectives of Ikea for determination of the price of products to be offered in the market, Financial Objectives; The financial objectives include, Profit maximization Maximizing sales revenue Improving cash flows of the business Marketing Objectives: Increasing sales Maintaining and growing market share Building brand D) Show an illustration of how the organisation (Ikea) integrates its promotional activities to achieve its marketing objectives. In recent years, many newspapers and television channels lost their audience, since traditional print and broadcast media as main promotional tools have faced major challenges (Gurevich et al., 2009). Research by Forrester Jennings conducted in 2007 shows that audiences and attention are shifting to online channels, as 52% of Europeans are regularly online at home. Around 36% of European Internet users watch less television, 28% have reduced their newspaper and magazine reading and 17% have decreased listening to the radio since going online (Palmer and Koenig-Lewis, 2009). Taking into  consideration the above facts, we can say that the information revolution (Internet, mobile and social media) is significantly changing traditional marketing campaigns, which can be adjusted to those new technologies. The significance of social media is shown by a recent study which was pointed out that an overwhelming 88% majority of marketers are now using some form of social media to market their business1. The same study, which set out to understand how and why marketers are using social media to grow and to promote their businesses, found that Facebook, Twitter, LinkedIn, and blogs are the top four social media tools used by marketers1. Palmer and Koenig-Lewis (2009) define social media as an â€Å"online applications, platforms, and media which aim to facilitate interactions, collaborations and the sharing of content† (p.165). They further point out that the importance of social network media lays in the interaction between the consumers and the community, as well as in the facilitation of â€Å"asynchronous, immediate, interactive, low-cost communications† (Ibid.). One of the major examples of social media usage by companies is Victoria’s Secret’s Facebook page with its more than two million followers. On this page, followers can view videos, photos, take quizzes and print coupons2. In politics, the most significant example of social media use is the United States‟ presidential election in 2008. The Barack Obama campaign used such online promotional tools as Facebook, YouTube, Twitter and others3. For the past two years, Facebook has overwhelmingly been pro-Obama virtual territory. Some have attributed Obama’s victory to a â€Å"Facebook effect†3. The Ikea has used the social media strategy for the integration of the marketing strategies with the product orientation and the promotional strategies of the business. Task 2: A) Attempt a suggestion of marketing mixes for two dissimilar segments in consumer markets. For the specialised market entry the company offering products in the consumer markets should develop and focus on the market segmentation and it should develop market segment. The marketing mix is developed by the business after the market segments for the development of the effective market share of the business. For example, a new brand in soft drink â€Å"Nix Cola† can be launched in specific consumer market like 99p or pound land as a established retailer. Once it gets success then it can be launch in different segments and restaurant and coffee shop. It would benefit the organisation from huge marketing costs and  will enhance its brand penetration in the market. C) Critically explain how and why international marketing differs from domestic marketing with reference to Ikea International marketing involves the satisfying the needs and demands of the global customers. Organisations should consider the values, customs, languages and currencies before doing the international marketing. For example advertising in Nepal and China should use in local languages. The potential market size, degree and type of competition, price, promotional differences, product differences as well as barriers to trade have to be analysed alongside the cost-effectiveness of various types of transport. But for the domestic marketing; organisation should consider for the local factors and local needs and demands of the buyer. So, in the case of Ikea as well company should consider the domestic and international marketing factors. People from all across the globe are keeping eyes on London so it should position its marketing strategy for international market and domestic market separately. References: B&C (2010), What’s This Stuff Called â€Å"Social Media†?‟ Benefits & Compensation Digest March 2010, Vol. 47 Issue 3, pp.1550-4190. Boyd, D.M., Ellison, N.B. (2007), Social Network Sites: Definition, History, and Scholarship. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, article 11 Bowler, Shaun David M. Farrell & Richard S. Katz (eds.). 1999. Party Discipline and Parliamentary Government. Columbus, OH: Ohio State University Press. Carabiner Communications (2009), „Social Media: How B2B Companies Can Connect‟ Available from http://www.carabinerpr.com/socialmedia/. Chaffey, D., Ellis-Chadwick, F., Johnston, K., Mayer, R. (2006), Internet Marketing, Prentice Hall: United Kingdom. Gurevitch, M., Coleman S., and Blumler J.G. (2009), Political Communication Old and New Media Relationships. The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science; 625; p.164 Kotler, P (1975), Overview of political candidate marketing. Advances in Consumer Research, vol. 12 Kotler, P and Armstrong, G (2008), Principles of Marketing. Pearson Education Limited Learmonth, M (2009), Social Media Paves Way to White House. Advertising Age, Vol. 80, Issue 11 Mangold, G.W., Faulds, D.J (2009), Social media: The new hybrid element of the promotion  mix. Business Horizons, Kelley School of Business, Indiana University. (2009), p. 357-365. Menon, S.V (2008), Political Marketing: A Conceptual framework. ICFAI Business School, Ahmedabad. Mintzberg, H, Ahlstrand, B and Lampel, J (1998), Strategy Safari: A Guided Tour Through the Wilds of Strategic Management. The Free Press, New York, 1998. Newman, B.I. (2002), The role of marketing in politics. Journal of Political Marketing, Vol. 1, pp.1-5. Olausson, M (2007), The People’s Revolution: Implications of Web 2.0 and Social Media Applications. Strategy Analysis. Strategy Analysis LTD. Osuagwu, L (2008), Political marketing: conceptualisation, dimensions and research agenda. Marketing Intelligence & Planning, Vol. 26, No. 7, pp.793-810. Palmer, A and Koenig-Lewis, N (2009), An experiential, social network-based approach to direct marketing. International Journal of Direct Marketing.Vol. 3, No. 3, pp.162-176. Rowley, J (1998), Promotion and marketing communications in the information marketplace. MCB University Press. Saunders, M., Lewis, P., Thornhill, A. (2007), Research Methods for Business Students. Harlow: Pearson Education Limited. Solomon, M. (2009), Consumer Behaviour: Buying, Having, and Being. 8th Edition. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson. Stelzner, M.A. (2009), Social Media Marketing Industry Report. Michael A. Stelzner. Tozian, G (2009), Mastering Social Media Marketing: Its 6 categories and 10 benefits. Overland Agency, Inc 2009. Trebnick, C (2008), Social Media Market Dynamics and Impact on Communications Infrastructure. America’s Growth Capital. Weber, L (2009), Marketing to the Social Web: How Digital Customer Communities Build Your Business. Wiley inc. Yin, R.K. (1994), Case Study Research, Design and Methods, Thousand Oaks. Sage Publications, Inc. Yin, R.K. (2003), Case Study Research, Design and Methods. Third Edition. SagePublications, Inc. Zarela, D (2010), The Social Media Marketing Book. O‟Reilly Media, Inc. Zhang, W., Johnson J., Seltzer, T., Bichard, S. (2010), The Revolution Will be Networked: The Influence of Social Networking Sites on Political Attitudes and Behavior Social Science. Computer Review 2010, originally published online June 12, 2009.

The factor influence on on-line purchase behaviour Essay

The factor influence on on-line purchase behaviour Essay The factor influence on on Factors Influencing the On-line Purchase Behavior Factors Influencing the On-line Purchase Behavior Owing to its launch in 1993, internet is still regarded as a comparatively new means of communication in the modern world and therefore researchers are still busy in understanding the factors which influence the online buying behavior of consumers. This report reviews different research works carried out in the recent past on the same subject of understanding the factors influencing the online buying behavior. Adapting the theory of user information satisfaction and consumer purchase behavior, Park and Kim (2003) studied the behavior of consumers in the context of online purchasing. The study was conducted by selecting three online stores selling books in Korea which had the highest sales revenue generation through online stores and had similar policies and attributes. The researchers requested the members of the selected online stores to answer a questionnaire. The study found that the information (i.e. quality of online interfacing, service information and products’ information) available about the products and other relational benefits are key factors in influencing the purchase behavior of consumers (Park and Kim 2003). Realizing the importance of analyzing and identifying the factors which influence consumers to make purchases through the internet, Hasslinger, Hodzic and Opazo (2007) aimed their research work to find out the main factors which are taken into account by the consumers when they shop online, particularly while purchasing books. The research work was an exploratory study and was based on a survey questionnaire targeted at the students of the Kristianstad University. After analyzing the responses obtained, the researchers concluded that there were three major factors which influenced most the buying behavior of students through online sources; the factors identified were â€Å"price†, â€Å"trust† and â€Å"convenience†, which are presented here in the order of their preference (Hasslinger, Hodzic and Opazo 2007). Similarly, Laohapensang (2009) explored the influential factors in relation online purchasing by considering the theiry of planned behavior. The study focused on surveying the 400 graduate students selected from 4 universities in Thailand. In the context of the theory of planned behavior the author aimed at determining the behavior of the onlines consumers in Thailand. The findings of the study revealed that the comparative difficulty in shopping online is the major influential factor among the consumers in Thailand (Laohapensang 2009). In another research work, Chang and Chou (2011) focused on examining the factors influencing the online consumers’ behavior while considering the relationship between two different situations, i.e. when consumers voluntarily prefer using online shopping and when consumers have no other option but to choose online shopping. The results of the study revealed that the satisfaction of online shoppers does not serve as a significant factor in keeping them to continue shopping through online medium; in fact, the â€Å"strategic retention programs† are expected to attract and retain customers who are shopping online (Chang and Chou 2011). In a recent â€Å"International Conference on Management, Behavioral Sciences and Economics Issues†, Al-Mowalad and Putit presented a study conducted with the aim of developing an understanding as to the factors which affect online shopping behavior of Saudi consumers. The study followed an exploratory approach and required selected online consumers to respond to a questionnaire by stating the key reasons, which influenced them to shop online. The researchers found that â€Å"trust†, â€Å"usefulness† and â€Å"ease of use† were the key influencing factors among Saudi online consumers (Al-Mowalad and Putit 2012). These findings have revealed that there are different factors, which influence the buying behavior of online shoppers. However, trust, ease of use and information availability is found to be the most common factors among the consumers. List of References Al-Mowalad, A. and Putit, L., 2012. Factors that Influence Saudi Consumers Behavior to Make Online Purchase. In International Conference on Management, Behavioral Sciences and Economics Issues. Penang, 2012. Chang, S.-C. and Chou, C.-M., 2011. Factors affecting users online shopping behavior: Integrating the constraint-based and dedication-based relationship perspectives. African Journal of Business Management, 5(2), pp.370-82. Hasslinger, A., Hodzic, S. and Opazo, C., 2007. Consumer Behavior in Online Shopping. Kristianstad University, Department of Business Studies. Laohapensang, O., 2009. Factors influencing internet shopping behaviour: a survey of consumers in Thailand. Journal of Fashion Marketing and Management, 13(4), pp.501-13. Park, C.-H. and Kim, Y.-G., 2003. Identifying key factors affecting consumer purchase behavior in an online shopping context. International Journal of Retail & Distribution Management, 31(1), pp.16-29.

MGT 445 Negotiation Paper Essays - Corporate Finance, Free Essays

MGT 445 Negotiation Paper Essays - Corporate Finance, Free Essays MGT 445 Negotiation Paper Miami School District Negotiation Paper The Miami school district has had an unexpected increase in enrollment. This unexpected increase has forced them to re-evaluate the upcoming years school boundaries. The Miami school district has hired experts to redraw the school boundaries. The new plan means that many students will not be able to remain in their present schools. Parents are upset by this and have voiced their concerns and objections to the proposed plan. The Miami school board will have to educate the parents about the need for the new boundaries and the consequences if the new boundaries are not established. The forthcoming paragraphs will evaluate the parents concerns and ways the board plans to address the various concerns and issues. Quality of Education Parents are concerned that the quality of their childrens education will be compromised by the new plan. Parents argue that their children are established in their current schools, with their current classmates, and moving them will be disruptive to their learning. Many parents have chosen the schools their children are currently attending, and purposely purchased homes in the area because they wanted their children to attend the schools in the area. Parents are concerned that the faculty in the other schools may not be as good or as qualified as the current schools. Parents of high school aged children entering their senior years are upset that the students will have to change schools during their senior year possibly affecting scholarships and the academic grade point averages of the students. Additionally, the students will not be able to graduate with many of their friends they have gone through high school with. Increased Travel Time Parents are concerned about the added travel time their children will endure due to attending the new schools. Parents whose children normally walked to and from school will ride buses to and from school each day. Parents are upset and believe the new boundaries compromise their childrens safety. High school students will be driving further, adding to their chances of being involved in car accidents, and increasing car insurance rates. Crossing Economic and Cultural Boundaries Parents are concerned about their children attending schools with less fortunate children, in a neighboring area. Parents selected the area they are residing in for many reasons, of which included the economic and cultural diversity of the area. Parents do not believe the board has the right to force their children to attend the schools in the neighborhood less fortunate than the one they reside in. Parents fear inferior or prejudiced treatment towards their children, and that the students will not receive the quality of education they currently obtain. The parents believe the schools will not have the same resources as the schools in the current neighborhood. Parents are also concerned that the influence of gang and drug activity will be higher in the new schools and their children will be peer pressured into becoming involved in these inappropriate behaviors. Effect on Property Values The new school boundaries could also have an adverse effect on property value in the neighborhood. The homes are upper-middle-class, with part of their value based on the quality of schools in the area. Potential buyers will be less likely to purchase a home in the area, because, of the risk of their children not being able to attend the schools in the neighborhood. A drop in people interested in buying in the area will lower property values since the general population in the area are young families raising children. Purchasing a home for young families includes purchasing that home in a quality school district. Potential buyers may begin to look for homes elsewhere. Social Affects on Children Parents are concerned of the socially adverse affects on their children due to the new school boundaries. The neighboring schools are located in areas that are not as affluent as those in the current neighborhood are. Neighboring schools have higher instances of truancy, behavioral issues, lower average grades, and more gang type behaviors. Parents are fearful, if their children must move into these schools of what the negative influences will be and what impact they will have on their children and families. School Board Develops a Plan The Miami district school board

Assessing Students with Special Needs

Assessing Students with Special Needs Assessing students with learning disabilities can be challenging. Some students, such as those with ADHD and autism, struggle with testing situations and cannot remain at task long enough to complete such assessments. But assessments are important; they provide the child with an opportunity to demonstrate knowledge, skill, and understanding. For most learners with exceptionalities, a paper-and-pencil task should be at the bottom of the list of assessment strategies. Below are some alternate suggestions that support and enhance assessment of learning disabled students. Presentation A presentation is a verbal demonstration of skill, knowledge, and understanding. The child can narrate or answer questions about her task. Presentation can also take the form of discussion, debate or a purely interrogatory exchange. Some children may require a small group or one-on-one setting; many students with disabilities are intimidated by larger groups. But dont discount the presentation. With ongoing opportunities, students will begin to shine. Conference A conference is a one-on-one between the teacher and the student. The teacher will prompt and cue the student to determine the level of understanding and knowledge. Again, this takes the pressure away from written tasks. The conference should be somewhat informal to put the student at ease. The focus should be on the student sharing ideas, reasoning or explaining a concept. This is an extremely useful form of formative assessment. Interview An interview helps a teacher to clarify the level of understanding for a specific purpose, activity or learning concept. A teacher should have questions in mind to ask the student. A lot can be learned through an interview, but they can be time-consuming. Observation Observing a student in the learning environment is a very powerful assessment method. It can also be the vehicle for the teacher to change or enhance a specific teaching strategy. Observation can be done in a small group setting while the child is engaged in learning tasks. Things to look for include: Does the child persist? Give up easily? Have a plan in place? Look for assistance? Try alternate strategies? Become impatient? Look for patterns?   Performance Task A performance task is a learning task that the child can do while the teacher assesses his performance. For example, a teacher may ask a student to solve a math problem by presenting a word problem and asking the child questions about it. During the task, the teacher is looking for skill and ability as well as the childs attitude toward the task. Does he cling to past strategies or is there evidence of risk-taking in the approach? Self-Assessment Its always positive for students to be able to identify their own strengths and weaknesses. When possible, self-assessment can lead the student to a better sense of understanding of her own learning. The teacher should ask some guiding questions that can lead to this discovery.

Nursery School Teachers Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Nursery School Teachers - Essay Example The two observations were based in a nursery in East London; the setting provides a safe learning environment for over 200 children. The observation was done on children aged from 4 years upwards, three boys, three girls from different backgrounds and culture. The activities were based on drawing, writing, painting and finding insects in the school garden. One activity was done inside the premises and the other activity was done both outside and indoors. Each of these two activities had to link emergent literacy. According to Sulzby, (1989) that emergent literacy is the reading and writing behaviours.. According to Sulzby & Teale (1996, p.728) that, "Emergent literacy is concerned with the earliest phases of literacy development, the period between birth and the time when children read and write conventionally. The term emergent literacy signals a belief that, in a literate society, young children even 1 and 2 year-olds is in the process of becoming literate." The observations The re ception class had been working on a topic about mini beasts which had involved searching for wildlife in the school garden and examining the animals closely in order to help the students identify and name them. The purpose of the session was to develop the children’s observation, social and reporting skills. ... Once the children placed the woodlice, snails and spiders in their bug boxes, the children they took out their microscopes and then started to put them against their eyes while they looked through it to see their bugs. Some children counted the number of legs on the insects, the eyes, colour, size and shape of the insects. While the children were sitting outside, they started talking about how some insects live in the dirty and how cold the insects must feel. The children responded to this with a wry and why do not they live in a house. After the session in the garden with the microscopes and the bug boxes, the children were encouraged to write about their investigations. Identifying and developing the different skills She implemented strategies for both the mini beast and painting activity to encourage independent writing from the pupils, this was done by valuing children’s emergent writing. This strategy valuing children’s work and theory is called a Humanistic Approa ch. According to Carl Rogers, Abraham Maslow, John Holt, Malcolm Knowles and Kolb all believed in this approach to learning. According to Bill Huitt, it is the approach upon the development of the child’s self concept; if children feel good within themselves then this is a positive start for progression to self development, which Maslow, recognised this as the â€Å"self actualisation†. She explained to the children before allowing them to start the two activities, what they both consisted of and then read out the task instructions. This was read out clearly, stimulus and from that it allowed children to be able to follow it easier. Freud’s, psychoanalytical theory states that emotional stimulation is the important aspect that

Statistical Quantitive Methods Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Statistical Quantitive Methods - Essay Example marketing manager has indicated that she wants to know how long it takes Internet users to access your company’s internet screen, since there is concern it is taking too long and deterring interest. You have asked colleagues and friends at a variety of other organisations to access your own company’s web site and keep a careful record of how long it took them to get into the company’s home page. i. Explain which measure(s) of average and dispersion you would suggest using for this data and the reasons for your preference. You are required to justify the choice of the Statistical Quantities made and calculate these quantities. Other statistical tools that would best describe this data are standard deviation, Measure of skewness and kurtosis. The standard deviation will tell a manger how tight various samples are clustered around the mean giving him the cohesiveness of the data he has. Measures of skewness and kurtosis give a visual analysis of the data that the manager can use to draw quick conclusions. III a) The Quality Control department of TV tube manufacturer has observed that on an average out of every 10000 tubes produced, 5 are found to be defective. If a sample of 20 bulbs is selected, what is the probability that non are defective. What is the probability that for the same sample size that at least two are defective? We know that probability is a long term relative frequency so that every probability of an occurrence of an event corresponds a function in distribution. Using this concept we can find the average (mean) number of defective bulbs then we can get the number of defective bulbs in 20 bulbs then reconvert to probability. b) A consultancy firm submits three proposals for consideration by three different clients. It considers that the chances of the proposals being accepted are 0.5, 0.3 and 0.25 respectively .what is the probability

The Role of Time Value in Finance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The Role of Time Value in Finance - Essay Example This paper illustrates that time value in finance is considering two views. That time value has future value and present value. A timeline that compounds to find future value and discounting to find present value shows compounding and discounting. Most financial managers will make decisions at time zero. That means that they rely primarily on present value techniques. The time value of money can show a personal finance example too. John Doe places $100 in a savings account paying 8% interest compounded annually at the end of 1 year he will have $108 in the account. The initial principal of $100 plus 8% or $8 in interest will appear in the account at the end of the year. The personal finance example would show that Jane Doe places $800 in a savings account paying 6% interest compounded annually. She wants to know how much money will be in the account at the end of 5 years. Time value of money is a critical financial tool to use as a financial manager or to figure one's own individual finances. The second most important concept is that a financial manager must learn to assess two key determinants:   risk and return.   The risk is the chance of financial loss.   Assets having greater chances of loss, viewed as riskier than those with lesser chances of loss are. In financial management, the risk is a term that is interchangeable with uncertainty to refer to the variability of returns associated with an asset.We need to understand what return is and how to measure it. The return is the total gain or loss experienced on an investment over a given period.   

Consultancy Project Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5000 words

Consultancy Project - Essay Example In 2004, Neary argued and said that strategic rationale and efficiency gain derived out of mergers and acquisitions are the two common reasons identified by Business Organization Literature (Neary, 2004, p.48). To study the literature on this research area, empirical researches done related to this study will be collected from the online books and journals. Most of the previous researches indicated that M&A activity has a 50 percent chance of success which is similar to the probability of getting a ‘head’ when an individual toss an unbiased coin. In 2004, Bruner argued and said that synergy means co-operate or work together and involves in merger when two organizations come together and pool in their resources and expertise for better performance, which is also known as synergy. Thus, in order to achieve continuous growth and survive global competition it is important for organizations to adapt M&A strategy. In today’s world the primary objective of a firm is to survive the cut-throat competition and one way to do that is to make more profits and add value to shareholders’ wealth. The ladder of success for any firm is ‘growth’ which can be achieved either by expanding existing resources or introduction of new products and services. Another way of achieving growth is through merger and acquisition (M&A). It has become an important an important way for firms to expand their product portfolios and gaining new markets. M&A also helps the firm’s to acquire knowledge, latest technology and improved management capabilities. In addition, M&A has been found to be extremely successful for specific sectors like pharmaceuticals where extensive Research & Developments are required. Tesco is the second largest company (after Wal- Mart) to earn profit as well as in the retail industry, the company holds the position of

American Association of Advertising Agencies Essay

American Association of Advertising Agencies - Essay Example Primarily, the concept of Integrated Marketing Communications (IMC) blends the promotional tools of marketing so that they are able to perform in harmony with each other. Promotion is one of the ‘Ps’ in marketing mix and the tools when blended together, work optimally rather than in isolation. The integration is further augmented, beyond just communication when other levels of integration e.g. Data integration, internal and external integration and Vertical and Horizontal Integration is achieved. Horizontal Integration means that all the business functions of an organization are working in harmony with each other. For example, distribution, production, sales and finance departments should be conscious of the messages they deliver to the clients and must work in cohesion to achieve objectives of the business. Whereas, different departments like advertising and sales can fuse through data integration through marketing information system. On the other hand, Vertical Integra tion refers to the fact that communication and marketing aims must augment the higher organizational aims and objectives. Internal and External Integration are also very important components of Integrated Marketing Concept. Internal Integrations requires that all the employees of an organization are kept informed regarding strategic and tactical changes being implemented in the company. Moreover, they must be kept involved in the new developments from which the organization is undergoing, the new standards being set by the management and strategic partnership being envisaged. On the other hand, External Integration refers to a scheme in which all the external partners and stakeholders of the organization e.g. Public Relation agencies and Advertising blend seamlessly to provide a workable solution to the problems of the company. A lot of effort is required for Integrated Marketing Communications to deliver its desired benefits however, it can create a competitive advantage for the co mpany compared to an organization which uses traditional techniques for promotion and advertising. Through Integrated Marketing Communication, a company is able to develop a meaningful relationship with its customers through helping them through various stages of purchasing process. Thus, through Integrated Marketing Communication, an organization is able to retain its customers for life which gives it an edge over other companies. The organizations which utilize IMC concept are much more likely to yield profitability than the organizations which use traditional methods of communication. In fact, a unified message delivered by an organization is much more effective than a host of disjointed messages. A crystal clear and consolidated message is well received among the potential customers than myriad of commercials messages delivered every day. Integrated Marketing Communication can boosts sales of a company by disseminating a message which helps increase customers’ awareness a nd eases their choices. Company’s strategy to deliver timely information and special offers at the right time assists the customers in purchasing process. Finally, Integrated Marketing saves a lot of expenditure for the organizations as it reduces the need of duplication. Photography and graphics can be shared by various departments e.g. sales and advertising. This also reduces the time and workload on different section of the company as a single agency is responsible for all the communication needs. Ans4. An efficient channel of communication has to be selected by the communicator in order to get the desired results. In marketing practices, usually two types of communication channels are employed; personal and non-personal. Personal communication cha

WK3 Discussion 2 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

WK3 Discussion 2 - Assignment Example With regard to Consumer Kaleidoscope, Hispanics, Asians, Blacks, and multi-race individuals are gradually increasing in number and they are likely to displace the white’s cultural dominance. From the three strategies it is evident that the populations are overlapping each other as we move towards the 25 years projected. For example, the baby boom generation has just entered their early 20’s while the population of the Hispanics, Asians, Blacks, and Multi-race individuals is also increasing. For this reason, American culture is likely to shrink and their dominance wiped out by the changing trends like delayed marriage and longer life expectancies (DEBRA UMBERSON, 2012, p. 613). Consumer Kaleidoscope approach is an indication that the projected demographic changes are likely to fit into the projections. Currently, the Hispanic accounts for 23.2% of total American population by 2010 while the blacks accounted for 12.2%. The Asian population accounted for 4.7% by the same year. These trends indicate that 40% of the American population is occupied by multi-raced population groups and that is a threat to the white’s cultural dominance in the US (White, 2012). The changes in demography are likely to change the marketing niches and environment especially with the changing

American Association of Advertising Agencies Essay

American Association of Advertising Agencies - Essay Example Primarily, the concept of Integrated Marketing Communications (IMC) blends the promotional tools of marketing so that they are able to perform in harmony with each other. Promotion is one of the ‘Ps’ in marketing mix and the tools when blended together, work optimally rather than in isolation. The integration is further augmented, beyond just communication when other levels of integration e.g. Data integration, internal and external integration and Vertical and Horizontal Integration is achieved. Horizontal Integration means that all the business functions of an organization are working in harmony with each other. For example, distribution, production, sales and finance departments should be conscious of the messages they deliver to the clients and must work in cohesion to achieve objectives of the business. Whereas, different departments like advertising and sales can fuse through data integration through marketing information system. On the other hand, Vertical Integra tion refers to the fact that communication and marketing aims must augment the higher organizational aims and objectives. Internal and External Integration are also very important components of Integrated Marketing Concept. Internal Integrations requires that all the employees of an organization are kept informed regarding strategic and tactical changes being implemented in the company. Moreover, they must be kept involved in the new developments from which the organization is undergoing, the new standards being set by the management and strategic partnership being envisaged. On the other hand, External Integration refers to a scheme in which all the external partners and stakeholders of the organization e.g. Public Relation agencies and Advertising blend seamlessly to provide a workable solution to the problems of the company. A lot of effort is required for Integrated Marketing Communications to deliver its desired benefits however, it can create a competitive advantage for the co mpany compared to an organization which uses traditional techniques for promotion and advertising. Through Integrated Marketing Communication, a company is able to develop a meaningful relationship with its customers through helping them through various stages of purchasing process. Thus, through Integrated Marketing Communication, an organization is able to retain its customers for life which gives it an edge over other companies. The organizations which utilize IMC concept are much more likely to yield profitability than the organizations which use traditional methods of communication. In fact, a unified message delivered by an organization is much more effective than a host of disjointed messages. A crystal clear and consolidated message is well received among the potential customers than myriad of commercials messages delivered every day. Integrated Marketing Communication can boosts sales of a company by disseminating a message which helps increase customers’ awareness a nd eases their choices. Company’s strategy to deliver timely information and special offers at the right time assists the customers in purchasing process. Finally, Integrated Marketing saves a lot of expenditure for the organizations as it reduces the need of duplication. Photography and graphics can be shared by various departments e.g. sales and advertising. This also reduces the time and workload on different section of the company as a single agency is responsible for all the communication needs. Ans4. An efficient channel of communication has to be selected by the communicator in order to get the desired results. In marketing practices, usually two types of communication channels are employed; personal and non-personal. Personal communication cha

What historical insights can industry materials (for example, Essay

What historical insights can industry materials (for example, marketing trailers or posters etc) provide in relation to film noir - Essay Example We take a quick peek into how the genre has survived the dual dominance of changing face of Hollywood and commercialization to ensure it holds its place, in spite of not being considered as a genre by many critics. Often classified as the art of making black films, film noir has crime trapped in black and white. There are no shades of gray in the story telling or the narrative. Every word uttered by the protagonists are filmed and shown to the viewer. And the most important part of the genre is creating that psychological shroud that propels the viewer in the audience to experience thrill, crime, and goriness coupled with a pessimistic view of the life of a fear stricken man. With fear of God replaced by fear of crime, film noir has always exploited the psychological tension that it builds up in its audiences (Conard & Porfirio, 2007, p.122). In film noir, it is all about using a set of standardized techniques to create an atmosphere of suspense and thrill. This is in stark contrast to the rest of the thriller movies in Hollywood under the crime and action genres, which rely on showing the activity of crime (like an explosion) happen, than concentrate on building up psychological tension throu gh motion picture of scenes related to the crime (like ticking of the time bomb). This genre evidently has a good amount of impact in engaging the audience and is a challenge for directors to achieve while filming the story. Let us take for example, the case of this film from the mid-nineties, â€Å"The Usual Suspects†. It is a story of five people who are held as suspects in a series of crimes. While the detective is busy trying to find the real criminal, which ultimately happens over the loud twist in the end, each of the five subjects offer elaborate and often untrue flashbacks to their gory pasts during the interrogation, only to mislead the officers. Why they do so is a story that reveals itself slowly, but what we look for in this film is how different

Consumer Behavior When Purchasing A Car Marketing Essay

Consumer Behavior When Purchasing A Car Marketing Essay Imagine you are a consumer who is about to purchase a car. You may imagine it to be any consumer (male or female, in full time employment or student, married or single, old or young, rich or poor, children or no children, etc) but be sure to clearly state the personal characteristics you imagine this particular consumer to have. It may also be useful at this point to establish whether you are able to gain information on your imaginary chosen consumer (from sources such as Mintel) so that you have credible sources from which to base your report on. Please note that this consumer need not be you! Your report is expected to describe and explain the characteristics that affect consumer behaviour and outline the consumer decision-making process as it relates to purchasing a car for this consumer. You should also discuss the relevance of the decision-making process to Marketers of cars in general and provide recommendations of how they can influence the stages of the decision-making process. Introduction The term consumer behavior includes the customers of specific goods and the people using the goods. It is usually used to refer to any human market behavior and use of products and services. Today, consumer behaviour is a multidisciplinary science that investigates not only the consumer decision-making process and the acquisition of product, but also the further activities of the consumer after the purchase of the product, such as using, evaluating and rejecting the product or service (Blackwell et al. 2001). In the present essay, the theory of consumer behavior and the consumer decision-making process will be examined together with the example of a 35 year old woman, married with one kid, living in a big city that wants to buy a car. The main features of consumer behavior To better understand consumer behavior, it should be taken into account the factors that most influence the decision-making process. These factor are the following: Consumer Behavior Incentives According to the definition given by Wilkie (1994) people buy and consume goods to satisfy their needs and desires. It could be said that consumer behavior is a behavior motivated to meet specific goals, needs and desires. In most cases though not all of the consumer behavior, people buy and consume goods as a means to satisfy some of the needs material and sometimes emotional. It should be noted that consumers motives are not always obvious to third parties and as a result the use of theories and conduct of researches are necessary for better understanding of consumer behavior. In the present example, the woman wants a car to go to work, pick up kids from school and go to super-market. These are her stated needs. The car marketer should find out the emotional needs of the particular customer. A part of consumer behavior derives purely from functional motives), such as when someone buys bricks to build a house, buys a car to satisfy transportation needs while another part of his/her behavior is stimulated by selfexpressive motives (Wilkie, 1994:), as when someone buys a gift for to thank a family member or buy a car to satisfy his prestige needs. Blackwell et al.(2001),in contrast with this position argue that the needs of consumers should not be divided into two major categories, but in subcategories that should include and explain better the different consumer needs. Some of these needs are the physiological needs, the need for health and safety (as it is the case of the car safe travels), love and companionship, the need of financial resources, the need for pleasure, the need for the creation of the social image of the individual (buying a specific car brand to enhance personal prestige), the need of possessing (everybody has a car) and the need of information (Blackwe ll et al. 2001:233-245). At this point it should be mentioned that most consumer behaviors wish to fulfill more than one target or needs, thus not only talking about one motive, but about a group of motives which motivates consumer behavior. In the present example, the groups of motives are transportation, social image and possession needs. In addition, while some motives may be visible to consumers and third parties, others may be more difficult to determine, for example when the decisions that should be taken are more complex and closely linked to the feelings of the consumer. The activities of consumer behavior The act of consuming cannot be addressed unilaterally. It should be taken into account the thoughts, feelings, plans, decisions, markets and experiences accumulated by the act of consumption. Certainly, a researcher of purchasing behavior who focuses on the act of consumption and does not consider it globally, may omit other equally important activities (advertising, opinions of others, collection of information, evaluation of alternatives, purchase decision, type of payment, product use, etc.) that are contained within it and they are equally important. These activities can be distinguished into deliberate and coincidental. For example, the activity of the decision of buying a product can be described in most cases as a deliberate consumer behavior as it is the case of the car where the consumer has to plan in advance the car purchase. On the other hand, when a consumer visits a store to buy a specific product in mind, s/he sees a multitude of other goods and not a few times he can buy some of these without having a plan. Such consumer behavior may be classified as impulsive. This differentiation is particularly useful to researchers of consumer behavior and advertisers, who understand the mechanisms of behavior more comprehensively (Wilkie: 1994). The process of consumer behavior The concept of process which includes various activity stages is a very useful approach to better understand consumer behavior. This process has three stages. The first stage of the activities of pro- buying could include the actions to select the product which is followed by the second stage of purchase of the product and finally the third stage of the after-purchase, which includes actions such as the depreciation of the product. The activities before buying the car could be search at auto-magazines, advertisement exposure etc., whereas at the third stage there could be activities like the evaluation of technical service etc. The treatment of consumer behavior as a process, stresses the importance of the stages that precede and follow the one of the purchase (Wilkie 1994:17), and gives guidelines to analyze the reason why a consumer makes specific purchases. Diversification of consumer behavior Two elements that could differentiate the consumer behavior of the individual are the the time and complexity of the decision. Time refers to when the decision is taken and the duration of the completion of the process. Complexity refers, in turn, to the number of activities involved in making a decision but also to the difficulty of this decision. Buying a car is a complex decision since it involves product and price comparison, ways of payment etc. Since it is a complex decision it is also time consuming. Relating these two concepts, it is understood that the more complex a decision is, the more time is needed for the decision. It is understandable that the more complex a decision is the greater will be the activities of the pre-purchase. In the present case, the activities could be talking to friends, look at car magazines, go to car exhibitions etc. Many times, however, the consumer to avoid a possible delay, which may lead to a not so profitable market s/he has not seen offers for the product so s/he acts with less detail than he could. In other words, s/he tries to simplify the decision-making process in the following ways (Wilkie:1994): à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ The consumer is not always looking for the best purchase, but for a good acceptable purchase. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ S/he is driven by information, advice and recommendations of third parties. The opinion of friends and family can play a significant role in the car buying decision. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ S/he trusts brands and stores purchased in the past and has remained satisfied with them. The salesman should check the previous brands purchased by the customer. Several times, the process of satisfying needs, is confronted with the simplification of the decision making process. As for example, the purchase of a relatively cheap product which should have the required by the consumer quality standards. Many consumers face such dilemmas, maintaining an agility on the purchasing process, therefore they can take advantage of these situations. Roles and Consumer Behavior A consumer in the decision process and after having made the decision,may have more than one roles, for example s/he can be the person that affects the final decision of the purchaser or user (influencer). S/he could be practicing these three roles at the same time as when shopping alone or when shopping only for himself. Consumer behavior, may influenced by others, so the role of the individual who affects the final decision may be played by people of the individuals wider social environment a friend / the family or otherwise it could be the salesman. In the present example this woman could be influenced by her husband in her decision. Moreover the role of the user in many cases could not be the purchaser and / or influencer, but a third person who will use the product purchased. It is understandable, that the possible combinations of these three roles could be outnumbered by those already mentioned, depending on the consumer, the external environment but also his personality. The woman, for example, may be influenced by her husband but she has her own personality thus she may choose the car brand that is more suitable to her. The roles of consumers mentioned above are born through social interactions. Very few purchases are made driven solely by the ego consciously or subconsciously peoples decisions take always into account their social circle. It is also important to note that the roles change during the lifetime of the consumer. For example, a child rarely can be an influencer and even more rarely buyer. The purchases of a childless young man usually involve himself, and a consumer with children buys largely for his family and certainly is influenced by the needs of other family members as it is the case in the present example. Extrinsic factors and Consumer Behavior It is a fact that the consumer is influenced by his/her environment, a fact that highlights the ability to adapt to different circumstances, depending always on the needs that should be met. This exogenous influence impacts on the consumer decision-making process. These factors are: Culture refers to beliefs, values and opinions shared by members of the society where people live and has a catalytic effect on peoples behavior during their life by putting limits in peoples understanding on which products and services are acceptable. The subcultures, are groups of people who belong in the broader context of culture and share similar values and attitudes. A subculture could be working women with children Some examples are those of gender, ethnicity, race, age and religion. Also, the social class that someone belongs to is a factor that may influence consumer behavior (Pinson Jolibert: 1998). Like what is his/her job, income and education level that s/he has. One of the main factors affecting the purchasing behavior is the family. Especially in Mediterranean societies, where the family institution is still strong, people are influenced by consumer habits as children and later as adults. The social surroundings and the reference groups to which people belong is an equally important factor, since everyday conversations and contacts affect consumer habits. For example, if someone play sports, s/he will definitely be affected by the advice of his/her coach regarding his/her dietary habits and clothes preferences. The external conditions such as inflation and unemployment or an illness in the family are factors that will determine the amount to be spent to purchase a product and when it is best to purchase a specific commodity. The marketing environment in conjunction with the presence at mass media is an area that in recent decades has gained immense power of influence in todays consumer. For example, usually the ads aim to influence consumer for a particular product of a certain brand, while the factor culture does not suggest specific brands but more goods for consumption. As stated by Peter and Olson, (1998), culture influences consumer behavior, which in turn may enhance the formulation and development of culture. Conclusion In the present essay ÃŽÂ ±ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ½ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ±ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ »Ãƒ Ã‚ ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¸ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ·ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ºÃƒÅ½Ã‚ µ ÃŽÂ · ÃŽÂ ¸ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ µÃƒ Ã¢â‚¬ °Ãƒ Ã‚ ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¯ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ± à Ã¢â‚¬Å¾ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ·Ãƒ Ã¢â‚¬Å¡ à Ã†â€™Ãƒ Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¼Ãƒ Ã¢â€š ¬ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ µÃƒ Ã‚ ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¹Ãƒ Ã¢â‚¬  ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¿Ãƒ Ã‚ ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ Ã¢â‚¬Å¡ à Ã¢â‚¬Å¾ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¿Ãƒ Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ ÃŽÂ ºÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ±Ãƒ Ã¢â‚¬Å¾ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ±ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ½ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ±ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ »Ãƒ Ã¢â‚¬ °Ãƒ Ã¢â‚¬Å¾ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ® ÃŽÂ ±ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ½ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ±Ãƒ Ã¢â‚¬  ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ­Ãƒ Ã‚ ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¿ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ½Ãƒ Ã¢â‚¬Å¾ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ±Ãƒ Ã¢â‚¬Å¡ à Ã¢â‚¬Å¾ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ·ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ½ à Ã¢â€š ¬ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ µÃƒ Ã‚ ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¯Ãƒ Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ãƒ Ã¢â‚¬ °Ãƒ Ã†â€™ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ · ÃŽÂ ±ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ³ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¿Ãƒ Ã‚ ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ Ã¢â‚¬Å¡ ÃŽÂ ±Ãƒ Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ãƒ Ã¢â‚¬Å¾ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¿ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ºÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¹ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ½ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ®Ãƒ Ã¢â‚¬Å¾ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¿Ãƒ Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 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ÃŽÂ  ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ±Ãƒ Ã‚ ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¬ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ »ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ »ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ·ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ »ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ±, ÃŽÂ ¸ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ± à Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ Ã‚ ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ­Ãƒ Ã¢â€š ¬ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ µÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¹ ÃŽÂ ½ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ± ÃŽÂ ºÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¬ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ½ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ µÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¹ ÃŽÂ ±Ãƒ Ã¢â€š ¬ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¿Ãƒ Ã¢â‚¬Å¾ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ µÃƒÅ½Ã‚ »ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ µÃƒ Ã†â€™ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¼ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ±Ãƒ Ã¢â‚¬Å¾ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¹ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ºÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ® à Ã¢â‚¬Å¾ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¼ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ·ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¼ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ±Ãƒ Ã¢â‚¬Å¾ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¿Ãƒ Ã¢â€š ¬ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¿ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¯ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ·Ãƒ Ã†â€™ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ · à Ã¢â‚¬Å¾ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ·Ãƒ Ã¢â‚¬Å¡ ÃŽÂ ±ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ³ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¿Ãƒ Ã‚ ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ Ã¢â‚¬Å¡ ÃŽÂ ºÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ±ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¹ à ƒ Ã†â€™ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ µ ÃŽÂ ºÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¬ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¸ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ µ à Ã¢â‚¬Å¾ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¼ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ®ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¼ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ± ÃŽÂ ½ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ± ÃŽÂ ²Ãƒ Ã‚ ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ µÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¹ à Ã¢â‚¬Å¾ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¿ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ½ à Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ãƒ Ã‚ Ãƒ Ã¢â€š ¬ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¿ à Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ãƒ Ã¢â‚¬ °ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ½ ÃŽÂ ±ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ½ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¸Ãƒ Ã‚ Ãƒ Ã… ½Ãƒ Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ Ã¢â‚¬ °ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ½ à Ã¢â€š ¬ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¿Ãƒ Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ ÃŽÂ µÃƒ Ã¢â€š ¬ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ·Ãƒ Ã‚ ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ µÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¬ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¶ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¿Ãƒ Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ½ à Ã¢â‚¬Å¾ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ·ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ½ ÃŽÂ ±ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ³ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¿Ãƒ Ã‚ ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ±Ãƒ Ã†â€™Ãƒ Ã¢â‚¬Å¾ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¹ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ºÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ® ÃŽÂ ´ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¹ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ±ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ´ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¹ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ºÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ±Ãƒ Ã†â€™ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¯ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ±. ÃŽÅ ¸ à Ã‚ Ãƒ Ã…’ÃŽÂ »ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¿Ãƒ Ã¢â‚¬Å¡ à Ã¢â‚¬Å¾ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ·Ãƒ Ã¢â‚¬Å¡ ÃŽÂ ´ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¹ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ±Ãƒ Ã¢â‚¬  ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ®ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¼ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¹Ãƒ Ã†â€™ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ·Ãƒ Ã¢â‚¬Å¡ ÃŽÂ µÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¯ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ½ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ±ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¹ ÃŽÂ µÃƒ Ã¢â€š ¬ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¯Ãƒ Ã†â€™ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ·Ãƒ Ã¢â‚¬Å¡ à Ã†â€™ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ·ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¼ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ±ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ½Ãƒ Ã¢â‚¬Å¾ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¹ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ºÃƒ Ã…’à Ã¢â‚¬Å¡ ÃŽÂ ´ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ µÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ´ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¿ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¼ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ­ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ½ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¿Ãƒ Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ à Ã…’à Ã¢â‚¬Å¾ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¹ à Ã†â€™Ãƒ Ã¢â‚¬Å¾ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¿ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ½ ÃŽÂ ±ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ½ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ±Ãƒ Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ãƒ Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ³ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¼ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ­ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ½ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¿ ÃŽÂ ºÃƒ Ã…’à Ã†â€™ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¼ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¿ ÃŽÂ · ÃŽÂ ±ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ³ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¿Ãƒ Ã‚ ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¬ ÃŽÂ µÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ½Ãƒ Ã…’à Ã¢â‚¬Å¡ ÃŽÂ ±Ãƒ Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ãƒ Ã¢â‚¬Å¾ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¿ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ºÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¹ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ½ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ®Ãƒ Ã¢â‚¬Å¾ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¿Ãƒ Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ ÃŽÂ µÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ½Ãƒ Ã¢â‚¬Å¾ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ Ã†â€™Ãƒ Ã†â€™ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ µÃƒ Ã¢â‚¬Å¾ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ±ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¹ à Ã†â€™Ãƒ Ã¢â‚¬Å¾ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ·ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ½ à Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ãƒ Ã¢â€š ¬ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ Ã‚ Ãƒ  †¡ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¿Ãƒ Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ãƒ Ã†â€™ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ± ÃŽÂ ºÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¿Ãƒ Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ »Ãƒ Ã¢â‚¬Å¾ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¿Ãƒ Ã‚ Ãƒ Ã‚ ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ± ÃŽÂ ¿Ãƒ Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ Ã…’à Ã¢â‚¬Å¾ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ µ ÃŽÂ · ÃŽÂ ´ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¹ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ±Ãƒ Ã¢â‚¬  ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ®ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¼ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¹Ãƒ Ã†â€™ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ · ÃŽÂ ¸ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ± à Ã¢â‚¬ °ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¸ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ®Ãƒ Ã†â€™ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ µÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¹ à Ã¢â‚¬Å¾ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¿ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ½ ÃŽÂ ºÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ±Ãƒ Ã¢â‚¬Å¾ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ±ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ½ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ±ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ »Ãƒ Ã¢â‚¬ °Ãƒ Ã¢â‚¬Å¾ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ® à Ã†â€™Ãƒ Ã¢â‚¬Å¾ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ·ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ½ ÃŽÂ ±ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ³ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¿Ãƒ Ã‚ ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¬ ÃŽÂ ¼ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¯ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ±Ãƒ Ã¢â‚¬Å¡ à Ã†â€™Ãƒ Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ³ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ºÃƒÅ½Ã‚ µÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ºÃƒ Ã‚ ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¹ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¼ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ­ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ½ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ·Ãƒ Ã¢â‚¬Å¡ ÃŽÂ µÃƒ Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ Ã¢â‚¬ °ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ½Ãƒ Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¼ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¯ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ±Ãƒ Ã¢â‚¬Å¡. 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